{"id":52289,"date":"2026-11-01T10:50:52","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T10:50:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/siratek.net\/index.php\/tutorials\/logic-levels-3v3-and-5v\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T10:50:52","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T10:50:52","slug":"logic-levels-3v3-and-5v","status":"publish","type":"siratek_tutorial","link":"https:\/\/siratek.net\/index.php\/tutorials\/logic-levels-3v3-and-5v\/","title":{"rendered":"Mixing 3.3 V and 5 V Safely"},"content":{"rendered":"<body><p><\/p>\n<h2>What this covers<\/h2>\n<p>An Uno\u2019s pins swing to 5 V. An ESP32\u2019s, a BMP280\u2019s and an RC522\u2019s swing to 3.3 V, and their inputs are not built to survive 5 V.<\/p>\n<p>Connect them directly and one of three things happens: it works, it works for a while, or the 3.3 V part dies immediately. Which one you get depends on details you cannot see, and the first two are worse than the third because they teach you the wrong lesson.<\/p>\n<p>This page is about knowing which direction is safe, which is not, and the three ways to fix the one that is not.<\/p>\n<h2>Before you begin<\/h2>\n<h3>Required parts and tools<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A bidirectional logic level converter. This is Siratek product 8440.<\/li>\n<li>A soldering iron. <strong>Both six-pin headers are supplied loose.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>A multimeter, for checking before connecting.<\/li>\n<li>Resistors, if you take the divider route below.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Which direction is the problem<\/h3>\n<p>This is the part worth getting straight, because half of all mixed-voltage connections need nothing at all.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.3 V device sending to a 5 V Arduino: usually fine.<\/strong> The ATmega328P reads anything above about 3.0 V as HIGH, and 3.3 V clears that. The margin is thin, which is why a long wire or a weak driver can make it unreliable, but it does no damage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5 V Arduino sending to a 3.3 V device: this is the dangerous one.<\/strong> The 3.3 V part\u2019s input is rated to about its supply plus a few tenths. Five volts is well past it, and the damage is cumulative, which is why a module can work for an hour and then stop.<\/p>\n<p>So before reaching for a converter, ask which way the signal travels:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Connection<\/th>\n<th>Direction<\/th>\n<th>Needs shifting?<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Sensor\u2019s output to Uno input<\/td>\n<td>3.3 V to 5 V<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Uno output to module input<\/td>\n<td>5 V to 3.3 V<\/td>\n<td><strong>Yes<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I2C, <code>SDA<\/code> and <code>SCL<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Both ways<\/td>\n<td>Yes, see below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>SPI <code>MISO<\/code><\/td>\n<td>3.3 V to 5 V<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>SPI <code>MOSI<\/code>, <code>SCK<\/code>, <code>CS<\/code><\/td>\n<td>5 V to 3.3 V<\/td>\n<td><strong>Yes<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Notice that SPI needs shifting on three lines and not on the fourth. That asymmetry is why a four-channel converter is the usual size.<\/p>\n<h3>I2C is a special case<\/h3>\n<p>I2C is <strong>open-drain<\/strong>: no device ever drives the bus high. Everything can only pull it low, and resistors pull it back up.<\/p>\n<p>So on an I2C bus the voltage is set by <strong>whatever the pull-up resistors connect to<\/strong>, not by the Arduino. If a 3.3 V module has its own pull-ups to 3.3 V and the Uno adds nothing, the bus sits at 3.3 V and everybody is happy.<\/p>\n<p>The complication on an Uno is that the AVR Arduino core has long enabled the ATmega\u2019s <strong>internal pull-ups to 5 V<\/strong> inside <code>Wire.begin()<\/code>. Those are weak, 20 to 50 kilohms, so against a module\u2019s 10 kilohm pull-ups to 3.3 V the bus settles somewhere in between, typically a few tenths of a volt over the 3.3 V part\u2019s limit.<\/p>\n<p>In practice a great many people run 3.3 V I2C sensors on an Uno this way and never see a problem. In specification terms it is out of bounds. For a project you intend to keep, use the converter.<\/p>\n<h2>The three ways to shift a level<\/h2>\n<h3>1. A resistor divider, for one direction<\/h3>\n<p>Two resistors from the 5 V output to ground, with the 3.3 V input taken from the junction. For 5 V down to 3.3 V, roughly <strong>1 kilohm and 2 kilohms<\/strong>, with the 2 k to ground.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cheap, and you already have the parts.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>One direction only, and it has to be an output on the 5 V side.<\/li>\n<li>Slow on anything fast, because the resistance and the wire\u2019s capacitance form a filter. Fine for serial at 9600, marginal for SPI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Good enough for a single line such as a Bluetooth module\u2019s <code>RXD<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h3>2. The converter module, for everything else<\/h3>\n<p>The Siratek part is a four-channel bidirectional board, and it is the right default.<\/p>\n<p>The silkscreen reads <strong><code>HV1 HV2 HV HV3 HV4 GND<\/code><\/strong> along one side and <strong><code>LV1 LV2 LV GND LV3 LV4<\/code><\/strong> along the other.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><code>HV<\/code><\/strong> takes the high voltage, 5 V from the Uno.<\/li>\n<li><strong><code>LV<\/code><\/strong> takes the low voltage, 3.3 V from the Uno\u2019s <code>3.3V<\/code> pin or from the module\u2019s supply.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Both <code>GND<\/code> pins must be connected<\/strong>, to a common ground.<\/li>\n<li>Channels pair up: <code>HV1<\/code> with <code>LV1<\/code>, and so on.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Inside each channel is a small MOSFET with a 10 kilohm pull-up on each side, and that arrangement is what makes it bidirectional without any direction pin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>It is not fast.<\/strong> Those 10 k pull-ups and the MOSFET limit it to a few hundred kilohertz comfortably. That is plenty for I2C and for serial; it is <strong>not enough for SPI at full speed<\/strong>, and an SD card or a display that works at 1 MHz may fail at 8. If an SPI device misbehaves through one of these, slow the clock before suspecting the wiring.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Use a 3.3 V board instead<\/h3>\n<p>The real answer for anything with several 3.3 V parts.<\/p>\n<p>An ESP32 is 3.3 V throughout, so a BMP280, an RC522 and an OLED all connect directly with no converter, no dividers and nothing to get wrong. It also costs less than a Mega.<\/p>\n<p>If you find yourself fitting two converters to an Uno, the board is the thing to change.<\/p>\n<h2>Pin reference<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Converter pin<\/th>\n<th>Connect to<\/th>\n<th>Purpose<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>HV<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Uno <code>5V<\/code><\/td>\n<td>High-side supply<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GND<\/code> (high side)<\/td>\n<td>Uno <code>GND<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Common ground<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>HV1<\/code> to <code>HV4<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Uno signal pins<\/td>\n<td>5 V side of each channel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>LV<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Uno <code>3.3V<\/code>, or the module\u2019s supply<\/td>\n<td>Low-side supply<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GND<\/code> (low side)<\/td>\n<td>Common ground<\/td>\n<td>Both grounds are needed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>LV1<\/code> to <code>LV4<\/code><\/td>\n<td>The 3.3 V device<\/td>\n<td>3.3 V side of each channel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure class=\"siratek-tutorial-figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/siratek.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/logic-levels-3v3-and-5v-wiring.svg\" alt=\"A four-channel bidirectional level converter between a 5 volt Arduino and a 3.3 volt module, with HV and LV supplies and both grounds joined\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>HV takes 5 V, LV takes 3.3 V, and both grounds must be connected.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Wiring steps<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Unplug the USB cable.<\/li>\n<li>Solder both six-pin headers to the converter.<\/li>\n<li><code>HV<\/code> to the Uno\u2019s <code>5V<\/code>. <code>LV<\/code> to the Uno\u2019s <code>3.3V<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>Both <code>GND<\/code> pins to the common ground.<\/li>\n<li>Each signal: the 5 V end to an <code>HV<\/code> channel, the 3.3 V end to the matching <code>LV<\/code> channel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Before connecting the 3.3 V module<\/strong>, plug in the USB and measure <code>LV<\/code> against ground. It should read about 3.3 V. If it reads 5 V, the supplies are swapped and connecting the module would destroy it.<\/li>\n<li>Unplug, connect the module, plug back in.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Step 6 takes thirty seconds and is the whole reason a multimeter is in the parts list.<\/p>\n<h2>Software and libraries<\/h2>\n<p>None. This is a wiring problem, and no sketch can compensate for it.<\/p>\n<h2>Minimal working example<\/h2>\n<p>There is nothing to run, so here is the check instead: measure, do not assume.<\/p>\n<pre><code>\/\/ Siratek: a square wave to probe the converter with.\n\/\/ Put a meter or a scope on the LV side; it should swing about 0 to 3.3 V.\n\nconst int testPin = 7;\n\nvoid setup() {\n  pinMode(testPin, OUTPUT);\n  Serial.begin(9600);\n  Serial.println(\"Siratek: 1 Hz square wave on pin 7. Measure HV1, then LV1.\");\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n  digitalWrite(testPin, HIGH);\n  delay(500);\n  digitalWrite(testPin, LOW);\n  delay(500);\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Wire pin 7 to <code>HV1<\/code> and measure <code>LV1<\/code> with a meter. At one hertz an ordinary multimeter will follow it, showing roughly 0 V and 3.3 V alternately.<\/p>\n<p>If <code>LV1<\/code> follows at 5 V, the converter is not doing anything, and the usual reason is <code>LV<\/code> being fed from the wrong place.<\/p>\n<h2>Expected result<\/h2>\n<p><code>LV<\/code> measuring about 3.3 V against ground. A signal driven high on the <code>HV<\/code> side appearing at about 3.3 V on the matching <code>LV<\/code> side, and a signal driven on the <code>LV<\/code> side appearing at about 5 V on the <code>HV<\/code> side.<\/p>\n<h2>Troubleshooting<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Symptom<\/th>\n<th>Likely cause<\/th>\n<th>Check or fix<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>LV<\/code> measures 5 V<\/td>\n<td>Supplies swapped<\/td>\n<td><code>HV<\/code> is 5 V, <code>LV<\/code> is 3.3 V<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nothing passes through<\/td>\n<td>A <code>GND<\/code> not connected<\/td>\n<td><strong>Both<\/strong> grounds are needed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Signal passes but at 5 V<\/td>\n<td>Channel bypassed, or wrong pins<\/td>\n<td><code>HV1<\/code> pairs with <code>LV1<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Works at low speed, fails fast<\/td>\n<td>The 10 k pull-ups limit it<\/td>\n<td>Slow the SPI clock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>SD card fails through a converter<\/td>\n<td>Same cause<\/td>\n<td>Power the card module at 5 V instead<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I2C works without a converter<\/td>\n<td>Open-drain, pulled up to 3.3 V<\/td>\n<td>It is out of spec, not wrong<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.3 V sensor output not read by the Uno<\/td>\n<td>Thin margin, or a long wire<\/td>\n<td>That direction needs no shifting; shorten the wire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Module died after working an hour<\/td>\n<td>Cumulative 5 V damage<\/td>\n<td>This is what the converter prevents<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Divider output not 3.3 V<\/td>\n<td>Wrong resistor ratio<\/td>\n<td>1 k and 2 k, with the 2 k to ground<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Two converters on one Uno<\/td>\n<td>The board is the problem<\/td>\n<td>Use an ESP32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Next steps<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Easier first:<\/strong> <em>Digital and Analog, and When Each Applies<\/em>, for what a logic threshold is.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Related products:<\/strong> the BMP280 and the RC522, both 3.3 V parts this page exists for.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Next:<\/strong> <em>ESP32, Your First Wi-Fi Project<\/em>, where everything is 3.3 V and the problem disappears.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Sources and attribution<\/h2>\n<p>All text, wiring guidance and code in this tutorial are original Siratek work.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ATmega328P datasheet for the input threshold voltages that make 3.3 V readable as HIGH.<\/li>\n<li>The four-channel bidirectional layout, the <code>HV<\/code>\/<code>LV<\/code> labelling and the loose six-pin headers were read from the Siratek product photographs for item 8440.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The behaviour of the AVR Arduino core\u2019s internal I2C pull-ups is a long-standing property of that core rather than of any module, and is described here as something to check rather than relied on. No third-party tutorial text, diagrams, photographs or code has been reproduced here.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<\/body>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An Uno&#039;s pins swing to 5 V. An ESP32&#039;s, a BMP280&#039;s and an RC522&#039;s swing to 3.3 V, and their inputs are not built to survive 5 V.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","siratek_tutorial_level":[],"class_list":["post-52289","siratek_tutorial","type-siratek_tutorial","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mixing 3.3 V and 5 V Safely - siratek<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/siratek.net\/index.php\/tutorials\/logic-levels-3v3-and-5v\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mixing 3.3 V and 5 V Safely - siratek\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"An Uno&#039;s pins swing to 5 V. 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